🌍 Class 10 Geography – Chapter 1: Resources and Development-Notes

Welcome Class 10 students! Here are your complete, easy-to-understand notes for Geography Chapter 1 – Resources and Development. Perfect for revision, exams, or your school blog!

✅ What is a Resource?

Anything that is technologically accessible, economically feasible, and culturally acceptable is called a resource.

🔹 Examples: Water, forests, minerals, solar energy, etc.

🧭 Types of Resources

🔹 Based on Origin

  • Biotic: Living things (plants, animals, humans)

  • Abiotic: Non-living things (air, water, soil, minerals)

🔹 Based on Exhaustibility

  • Renewable: Can be regenerated (sunlight, wind)

  • Non-renewable: Limited, can’t be reused (coal, petroleum)

🔹 Based on Ownership

  • Individual: Privately owned land or buildings

  • Community: Public parks, ponds, playgrounds

  • National: Roads, railways, public buildings

  • International: Oceans, airspace beyond 200 nautical miles

🔹 Based on Development

  • Potential: Available but unused

  • Developed: Explored and in use

  • Stock: Known, but can’t be used due to lack of technology

  • Reserves: Can be used with existing tech

🌱 Need for Resource Planning

India is rich in resources but unevenly distributed. Overuse and mismanagement lead to:

  • Depletion of resources

  • Environmental damage

  • Social conflicts

✅ Resource Planning is needed to conserve and use resources wisely.

🌿 Sustainable Development

"Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations."

🧠 Gandhiji said: “There is enough for everybody’s need, but not for anybody’s greed.”

🗺️ Resource Planning in India – 3 Steps

  1. Identify and survey resources

  2. Develop planning structure

  3. Match resource development with technology and need

🏞️ Land Resources in India

India has 3.28 million sq km of land.

🌍 Land Use Categories:

  • Forest: 22.78%

  • Net Sown Area: 43.41%

  • Barren/Wasteland: 6.29%

  • Grazing Land: 3.38%

  • Other Uses: 8.61%

⚠️ Land Degradation

❌ Causes:

  • Deforestation

  • Mining

  • Overgrazing

  • Over-irrigation (salinity)

✅ Solutions:

  • Tree planting (Afforestation)

  • Controlled grazing

  • Organic farming

🧪 Soil – A Vital Resource

Top fertile layer of land essential for farming.

Soil formation depends on:

  • Parent rock

  • Climate

  • Time

  • Relief

  • Flora & Fauna

🧱 Major Soil Types in India

Soil TypeCharacteristics    Found In
   Alluvial            Fertile, fine texture                    Northern plains, river valleys
   Black            Clayey, holds moistureMaharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh
   Red            Less fertile, iron-richOdisha, Tamil Nadu, Chhattisgarh
   Laterite            Hard, rich in ironKerala, Karnataka
   Arid (Desert)            Sandy, saltyRajasthan
   Forest Soil            Rich in organic matterHimalayan region

🛑 Soil Erosion and Conservation

⚠️ Causes of Erosion:

  • Deforestation

  • Overgrazing

  • Unscientific farming

🌳 Conservation Techniques:

  • Terrace farming: Steps on hills to slow water

  • Contour ploughing: Ploughing across slopes

  • Shelter belts: Rows of trees to stop wind

  • Afforestation: Planting trees

📌 Conclusion

To protect nature and ensure progress, we need:

  • Balanced resource use

  • Eco-friendly development

  • Awareness among people                                                                                                                   Map Work                                                  

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