🧬 Chapter 1 – Life Processes (Biology)

 📘 Subject: Biology

🧑‍🏫 Class: 10 CBSE
🧪 Book: Science (NCERT)

🧠 What are Life Processes?

Life processes are activities performed by living beings to maintain life such as:

  • Nutrition

  • Respiration

  • Transportation

  • Excretion

🍽️ 1. Nutrition

🔹 Definition: Process of taking in food and using it for energy, growth, repair.

🔸 Types of Nutrition:

TypeExample
AutotrophicPlants
HeterotrophicAnimals, Humans

🌿 Autotrophic Nutrition (Photosynthesis)

  • Occurs in green plants

  • Uses sunlight, water, and CO₂

  • Equation:
    6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ (in presence of sunlight & chlorophyll)

🍖 Heterotrophic Nutrition:

  • Holozoic (Humans)

  • Saprophytic (Fungi)

  • Parasitic (Cuscuta, leech)

💨 2. Respiration

🔹 Definition: Breakdown of food to release energy.

🔸 Types:

TypeWith/Without O₂End Product
AerobicWith O₂CO₂ + H₂O + Energy
AnaerobicWithout O₂Alcohol + CO₂ + Less energy

🔸 Respiration in Humans:

  • Occurs in mitochondria

  • Lungs are main respiratory organs

🩸 3. Transportation

🔹 Definition: Movement of materials like oxygen, food, waste.

🚶 In Humans:

  • Blood transports substances

  • Heart pumps blood

  • Arteries: carry blood away from heart

  • Veins: carry blood toward the heart

  • Capillaries: thin vessels for exchange

🌿 In Plants:

  • Xylem – transports water

  • Phloem – transports food

🚽 4. Excretion

🔹 Definition: Removal of metabolic waste from the body

In Humans:

  • Kidneys remove urea

  • Urinary system: Kidneys → Ureter → Bladder → Urethra

In Plants:

  • Waste is stored in leaves, gums, resins

  • Waste removed by falling leaves or bark

📌 Important Keywords

TermMeaning
Peristalsis      Wave-like muscle movement in food pipe
Nephron      Functional unit of kidney
Stomata     Tiny pores in leaves for gas exchange
Alveoli     Air sacs in lungs

💡 Diagram Suggestions (for your blog or notes)

✅ Labelled diagrams:

  • Human Digestive System

  • Human Respiratory System

  • Human Heart

  • Nephron (Kidney unit)

  • Open & Closed Stomata

  • Photosynthesis process

📝 Extra Questions & Answers

Q1: What is the role of saliva in digestion?
👉 Saliva contains enzyme amylase, which breaks down starch into sugar.

Q2: What is the difference between artery and vein?
👉 Artery: Thick-walled, carries oxygenated blood
👉 Vein: Thin-walled, carries deoxygenated blood

Q3: What is nephron?
👉 It is the functional unit of kidney that filters blood and forms urine.

Q4: Why is transportation necessary?
👉 To carry nutrients, gases, and waste products to/from cells.

Q5: Define photosynthesis and give the equation.
👉 Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants make food using sunlight.
Equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

✨ Summary Points

  • Nutrition: autotrophic (plants) & heterotrophic (humans)

  • Respiration: releases energy (aerobic/anaerobic)

  • Transportation: blood in humans, xylem/phloem in plants

  • Excretion: kidneys in humans, leaf fall in plants

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